Computer is any equipment, machinery or equipment used to process the form data notice executed by the operating system windows based or linux or OS, computers run by the user by using the commands have been executed by an operating system.
Definition from "computer", as mentioned above, only embrace special equipment that may be expected berbilang a function or functions terhad. Had to take some modern computers, one of the early computer distinguish with is: if inserted witha a ppropriate, modern computer capable to simulate any calculation. However, this ability is limited by the loading storan, syrup achievements memory (RAM) and speed of processing. In the meaning of other words, this ability may be used as a test for computer distinguish "versatile" with the early computers that are peculiar to a particular task. Computers can also as a system that controls electronic symbols properly and appropriately and cooked typical to receive, process, store and pulled out the outcome.
During these 20 years, most home equipment, such as video game consoles that bimbit telephone, video cassettes recorder (VCR), PDAs, and more; mill industry, vehicles, and other electronic devices; litar computer contains all the Turing-complete. Computers are used in equipment for a particular function, identified as "mikro" or "computer setting". This kind of computer system to process only works for a particular edict.
Components contained in the computer
Someone cloning computer owners need to recognize the components of a different computer. Knowledge of the name, form and function computer parts cloning will help someone if he was faced with a problem or when using another computer for cloning. This knowledge will also make a person more confident when using a multimedia computer, the computer if again if it is not often used by him before this, more typical lag, i for teachers for teaching and learning objectives.
In origin, the word meant computer. But duty to perform the same mathematical calculation with the help of a mechanical device or not. Onwards, the results transferred to the machine estimates. At home, the task of "computer" is special to the settlement of mathematics, but modern computers are used for various other tasks unrelated to mathematics.
In digital computer technology has undergone major changes since the first computer in 1940. But most were still using senibina von Neumann, which is reserved by John von Neumann in the early 1940s.
Senibina von Neumann states computer to the main portion 4: Arithmetic and logic unit, litar guards, memory, and input-output devices (I / O). All of this portion connected together by wiring-wiring, which is recognized as the "bass".
In the computer system, memory is temple (like cells), in which each of them contains an edict. Notice of these is probably the direction for the computer, and each cell stores the data bits of a computer needed to run the referral.
In amnya, memory may be used over a million times previously. He is more of a pad, rather than stone tablets should only be written once.
Saiz each cell, and numbers, cadar cadas between one computer to another computer. So is the memory technology, rather than the throbbing Electromechanical, tiub mercury etc., etc. to the magnetic matrix structure is conserved, so the transistor, and so on litar bersepadu that contain millions of grain chip capacitors.
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), is a tool that implements the principles of operation, such as arithmetic operations (add, reject, multiplication, etc.), logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) and compare operations. This unit actually doing in the computer.
Bodyguard unit supervising slots that stores current direction, so let ALU operations to be done and receive the necessary notice (rather than memory) to carry out such operations. Then he brings back the memory operations to the appropriate position. After that, the Guard unit will switch to the onward referral.
Input-output units to justify the computer receives notice than the outside world, and led to the decision notice back to the outside world. There are various forms of tool I / O, rather than Board locked, skrin, Cakera leathery, to the incredible tool, as Webcam.
All these tools (devices) to input data edict to be processed by a digital computer system. Tools (devices) also output data to the edicts of the computer may be understood by computer users.
Computer program is a great list of referrals for accomplished by computer. Most computer programs have millions of referrals, and most rather than those directives implemented repeatedly. A modern computer is trying to personally conduct approximately 2-3 milliard direction per time.
At present, most computers do try more than one program at a time. This called many tasks. Although roughly, as if the computer do the two work well, actually landing than the CPU execute a program first, then switch to another program at the moment term. Moment during this period was called Period (Time Slice). Operating systems are programs that oversee this partnership period.
Examples of operating systems that justify multitasking Windows and Unix is.
Motherboard (Mother Board)
Litar board that has, contains many electronic components for the system unit CPU and other microcip. Rate: - between 16 MHz - 200MHz
Before You Begin
The troubleshooting tips provided here range from often-overlooked "no-brainers" to more involved solutions that require you to open your computer's case and handle hardware components or delve deeper into Windows' core. Remember that your goal here is to solve an existing problem, not create a new one. If performing a certain action makes you uncomfortable, call in someone with more expertise. And if you do decide proceed with any of our Advanced Steps, please keep the following considerations in mind:
a) Prior to opening your computer's case, check to see if the machine's warranty is still valid. If so, send it back to the manufacturer for repair, as digging around inside the case can void the warranty. You may also try calling your PC's manufacturer for tech support, especially if you've already paid for it. Often, tech support can provide quick fixes or will replace faulty components that are still under warranty. Many manufacturers offer online chat, email support, and other options in addition to phone support.
b) Before making any hardware adjustments, take the appropriate safety measures. First, purchase an antistatic wrist strap and mat. While static electricity might sound like an annoyance only, it can severely damage your computer's internal components. You'll also want to make sure that you and your machine are both properly grounded, so keep the computer plugged into the wall but the power switch turned off when working with its internal components. As a final precaution, remember to hold on to the metal part of the computer's case when handling any electrical parts.
c) Although all computers contain most of the same core internal components (hard drive, processor, RAM, graphics card, etc.), the locations of those components can vary from machine to machine. Before you reseat, remove, or replace any internal components, arm yourself with a working knowledge of computer components, what they do, and how they interact with one another. (To learn more, read How Stuff Works' article How PCs Work.)
d) Hardware, BIOS (basic input-output system, built-in software that controls the keyboard, mouse, display, and other hardware and functions), firmware, and other software tools vary by manufacturer. Keep all of your computer documentation, driver CDs, and warranty information in a safe place. Be sure to dig out your computer's manuals before changing any settings.
Initial Steps:
1.Make sure that the PC's power cable is plugged firmly into a wall socket or power strip and that the power strip is on.
2.Try plugging the PC or the power strip into another wall socket.
3.Ensure that the power cable is firmly connected to the PC's power-supply outlet.
4.Check to see that the power supply is switched to the "on" position.
5.Make sure that the power supply is switched to the voltage appropriate to your region.
6.Attach a working power cable to the PC's power supply and plug it in.
7.Unplug all external devices from the PC -- including a CD drive or digital camera -- except the monitor. If the computer powers on without the devices, add the peripherals back in one at a time until you can identify the problem device.
If none of these steps solves the problem, check to see if your computer is still under warranty and send it back to the manufacturer. If the warranty has expired and you are comfortable doing so, proceed to the Advanced Steps below. Otherwise, talk to your volunteer consultant or use TechFinder to locate a nonprofit technology consultant in your area.
Advanced Steps:
1.Unplug the computer and open the PC's case. Verify that the power supply is connected to the motherboard.
2.Make sure that all internal cables are connected and that all of the PCI expansion cards and RAM chips are tightly seated.
3.Examine the motherboard for noticeable signs of damage, such as cracks or burns. If you see problems, there's a good chance you'll need a new motherboard or a new computer. Consult a technician for further advice.
4.Remove the RAM and PCI cards and unplug your hard drive(s). Depending on your drive, you'll see either a wide, flat, gray IDE cable; a thinner red Serial ATA (SATA) cable; or a round gray or black SCSI cable. Plug in the power cable. If the computer turns on, begin plugging in additional cables and modules until you identify the faulty component.
5.Replace your power supply with a known working one or a with new one. (Read Smart Computing's How to Replace A Power Supply for guidance.)
If none of these steps work, your motherboard or processor is likely fried. Consider taking it to a repair shop or replacing the computer altogether.
Computer Powers Up But Monitor Is Blank
Initial Steps:
1.Ensure that your computer can boot normally and that all of the usual power lights are on.
2.Make sure that the monitor is plugged firmly into a working wall socket or power strip and that the power strip is on.
3.Try plugging the PC or power strip into another wall socket.
4.Verify that the monitor's power button is switched to the "on" position.
5.Make sure the monitor's brightness and contrast controls are properly adjusted (check your monitor's manual for information on how to do this).
6.Check to see that the monitor cable is plugged firmly into the back of the display and that the pinned end is tightly screwed into the computer's video output on the back of the case.
7.Remove the existing cable and replace it with a known working monitor cable. Connect it to the display and to the computer.
8.Obtain a working monitor and hook it up to your PC. If this display works, contact a technician or buy a new monitor. If the monitor does not work, your video card may not be working and you'll need to open the desktop's case.
If none of these steps solves the problem, check to see if your computer is still under warranty and find out how to send it back. If the warranty has expired, unplug the computer, open up the PC's case, and proceed to the Advanced Steps below.
Advanced Steps:
1.Examine the video card for noticeable damage. If you spot defects or burnt components, you'll likely need a new video card.
2.Reseat the video card.
3.Inspect the RAM and all drive cables to make sure they are all tightly seated and connected. If you find loose components or connections, tighten them.
4.If your display is still not working, contact a repair shop or consider replacing the video card (or try swapping in a compatible card). To replace the card yourself, read Acme How To's online guide.
Computer Won't Boot From Hard Drive (Doesn't Get to Windows Splash Screen)
Initial Steps:
1.Make sure that there is no bootable media in your floppy or CD drive.
2.Listen to make sure your hard drive is spinning. If you don't hear or feel motion, or if you don't see an error message on the screen, proceed to the Advanced Steps below.
3.Remove all external drives or devices and try restarting the computer.
4.If you receive a series of beeps or error messages, write them down, as they could be instrumental in diagnosing your problem. Beep codes vary by manufacturer, so consult your BIOS documentation for more in-depth info on what those beeps mean. (BIOS Central also has an exhaustive list of beep codes). Otherwise, proceed as follows:
5.Enter your computer's BIOS (access key varies by machine; usually you'll need to push the F1 or Delete key as the computer boots) and write down the current settings before proceeding further.
6.Keep an eye out for any built-in diagnostic tools; you might be able to find an error by using these.
7.If no diagnostic tools exist, go to the BIOS's hard drive section and make sure it's configured as "Auto."
8.If the BIOS has an autodetect feature, run it to make sure that it can actually detect your hard drive.
9.If your BIOS has an optimized default option, try loading it and rebooting.
10.If the BIOS has a failsafe default option, try loading it and rebooting.
11.Attempt to enter your PC in Safe Mode. (As your computer boots, quickly press the F8 key.) If you can get in, run Windows' built-in diagnostic tool to check your drive for bad sectors and file system errors.
12.While still in Safe Mode, scan your computer for viruses, Trojans, spyware, and other threats that could be causing problems.
If none of these steps solves the problem, check to see if your computer is still under warranty and find out how to send it back. If the warranty has expired, unplug the computer, open up the PC's case, and proceed to the Advanced Steps.
Advanced Steps:
- Make sure that the hard drive is firmly connected to both the power supply and the motherboard.
- Reseat the video card.
- Clear the CMOS by resetting the jumper on the motherboard. Before you do so, consult the motherboard or computer's documentation and be very careful while handling these components.
- If your computer has more than one stick of RAM, remove them all and try adding them back, starting with the slot closest to the processor. If the PC boots with one and not the other, you likely have a faulty stick of RAM.
- Make sure that the correct hard drive is set as the primary (master) drive and that the proper cable is connected. (See the back of the hard drive to set master and slave settings. KarbosGuide.com offers tips on how to do this.)
- Replace the hard drive cable(s) with known working ones.
- Remove the PC's main power supply and replace it with a known working one.
- If none of this works you may want to take the drive in for service or replace it altogether. If at all possible, back up your data first.
You might also find Smart Computing's BIOS troubleshooting guide helpful when dealing with a computer that won't boot from the hard drive.
Windows Won't Boot (After BIOS POST Has Been Completed) or Crashes
Initial Steps:
* Make sure that there isn't a disk in your floppy or CD drive.
* Remove external drives or devices.
* Enter the Windows Advanced Options menu by pressing the F8 key during the BIOS's Power-On Self Test (POST). Select the option for "Last Known Good Configuration." (Note: if this works, you will lose any recently installed software or newly created files.)
* Enter the Windows Advanced Options menu, boot into Safe Mode with networking, and perform a system restore.
* While in Safe Mode run your antivirus and anti-spyware programs. Remove any detected threats.
* If that fails, attempt to back up your data using back-up software, burn files to a CD, or consult a professional. You may eventually have to reformat your hard drive and reinstall Windows.
Advanced Steps:
* Enter the Windows Advanced Options menu and choose the option that enables the bootlog. Restart, then boot into Safe Mode to compare the new bootlog and the original one. If you get error messages that certain drivers aren't loading correctly, write those down, and update or remove the faulty devices via Windows' Device Manager. You can then reinstall the drivers manually or ask Windows to locate a driver for the device.
* Insert your Windows Emergency Startup disk or the original CD-ROM and go to the Recovery Console. From there, you can attempt to restore the master boot record, the first logical sector on your hard drive where the BIOS loads a program to boot your computer.
Conclusion
Armed with these basic troubleshooting tips, your nonprofit should be able to diagnose or fix common computer problems in-house, turning to professional assistance for more complicated or serious issues. If you keep a clear head and remember to check for the most obvious things first, there's a good chance you can get your volunteers' or employees' equipment back up and running in relatively short order. After all, the less time your computers languish on the repair bench, the more time your organization can spend using them to do the work they were created for in the first place.
1. Memory
Where data are stored before the calculation done
there is to 2
a)ome - RAM (Provisional)
Main - is the data that has been processed is stored in a temporary / permanent.
a. RAM (Random Access Memory).
- While sahaja - Missing when electrically disconnected.
- What-what data should be moved to RAM at first.
- 16 MBs of RAM required - 31 MBs.
b)condary - ROM (Eternal)
b. ROM (Read Only Memory).
- There should be modified (non-volatile).
- Without a computer system can not function.
- Just read, should not be changed.
Secondary memory - additional memory to the RAM and ROM - used in a block and survived.
For example: - Floppy disk, hard disk, CD, tape megnetik etc.
Additional Memory - Cache Memory, Memory Meanwhile - Located in between RAM and CPU. -to process quickly.
2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
ALU (Arithmatic & Logic Unit) Control Unit+, -, X, -: - xy for comparison (><=) large, small or equal L - is a situation where nombor or conditions compared with each other for example,> <=. Control Unit He will receive a referral received from the memory and allow arbitrary direction is implemented according to specified requirements. He escorted the system as an example may be in and out of the CPU but the Control Unit will ensure he does not apply to evade the edict continues. 3. BUS (Bas) For electronic excessive requirements for flow from one point to a point in the flow. The greater the faster the data bus can be processed, the wider bass more data can be taken. Done from the wire. 1 bit of data 8 bits - 1 byte = 1 character 8 bits - 1 letter. Bus Types: -- Bas Data - Takes the data from one place to one place. Bas Address - It is excessive sehala used to find a location for the landing so that would be implemented. Bas escort - is excessive sehala for all timing functions and escort.
4. SLOT enhancer (Expansion Slot) ISA - Industrial Std. Architecture EISA - Enhanced Industrial Std. Architecture VESA - Video Electronic Std. Architecture PCI - Peripheral component Interconnet ISA - introduced in 1984 by the IBM PC. Can carry 8 bits and 16 bits of data. EISA - cooked up in 1988 - Pavilion, 32 bit - too expensive (less desirable). VESA - Allow the computer compatible video bass brought a wider 32-bit data. PCI - More speed proportional VESA, used in the computer pentium 32 bit 64 bit. Binary - Decimal 10011 = 19 11011 = 27 111011 = 59 CD7 = 3287 F5 = 245 BBD = 3005 10 10 5 x + x + x 256 16 1 ? ? ? = Number of C D 7 12x256 13x16 7x1 = 208 = 3072 = 7 = 3287 5. LIST (Register) Definition - is a small memory which has a specific use in a CPU that can put the notice for a while. Capacity: - 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits Saiz and numbers can help determine the actual speed of the computer. Types of Listing: -- 1. Accumulator Register 2. Instruction Register 3. Address Register 4. Storage Register 5. Program Counter1. Accumulator Register Save a decision for the final step by pemperosesan ALU. 2. Instruction Register Save a single direction before diunit escort It is carried out. 3. Address Register Save location for the data onwards. 4. Storage Register Storing data on the way to or from the main memory (as intermediary). 5. Program Counter Save a referral to be implemented so on. Register functions 1. Accumulstor - save the decision for the final step ALU processes. 2. Address - save the location for the data onwards. 3. Genaral Purpose - he may act as an Accumulator, Address and other functions. Definition - is a small memory which has a specific use in a CPU that can put the notice for a while. Capacity: - 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits Saiz and numbers can help determine the actual speed of the computer. Types of Listing: -- 1. Accumulator Register 2. Instruction Register 3. Address Register 4. Storage Register 5. Program Counter 1. Accumulator Register Save a decision for the final step by pemperosesan ALU. 2. Instruction Register Save a single direction before diunit escort It is carried out. 3. Address Register Save location for the data onwards. 4. Storage Register Storing data on the way to or from the main memory (as intermediary).
5. Program Counter Save a referral to be implemented so on. Register functions 1. Accumulstor - save the decision for the final step ALU processes. 2. Address - save the location for the data onwards. 3. Genaral Purpose - he may act as an Accumulator, Address and other functions.
6. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) Nadi computer system, without which no meaning. It is to save the configuration, including system specification, memory, hard dsan escort cakera Input / Output.
Device Input - Keyboard Mouse Light Pen Joystick Touchscreen Perakam Voice (Microfon) Digital Cemara Touchpad Output - Printer Monitor
1. Keyboard Alphabet is composed of buttons in one place like a typewriter with the marked letters, numbers and symbol. It lets users to enter data by pressing the associated button.
2. Mouse (Mouse) Devices are small, light and keep hands saiz. Upper portion has two dime bebutang specifically on the right and left and the lower portion has impressive bebola for mouse movement. Usually used on flat surfaces, when the mouse is moved to the right of the pointer will automatically move to the right on the skrin, if addressed to the menu, and if the icon / image and clicked twice, you can open something the program.
3. Light Pen Is used with computer skrin sensitive to light. If the pen is moved one will of electronic signal to a computing and lime wire will be understood by the program. He selalunya used in makmal and also in the field of expenditure or rekabentuk CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing).
4. Joystick Ria wood, wood bedik, a tool to move the cursor (the cursor). This is done by the holder of the uprise guard up and can be confusing in 360 degrees. Always used to play Video Games.
5. Touchscreen It works by touch, used in makmal and egensi kingdom. 6. Microfon Input devices to enter the usual sound for multimedia applications.
7. Scanner (Pengimbas) Is a device that mengimbas metirial and translate in digital form. Sensitive to light and can translate printed text, bar, cod, etc. etc. daa images to digital form (on the table and hands). * Scanner table - such as photostat equipment, images contained in the scanned mukasurat be changed to signal computing. * Scnner hand - used in a portion desktop publishing - Pasaraya.
8. Touchpad Using the material sensitive to the pressure to the touch when merekod instance data used in microwave ovens, calculators.
9. Trackball He is like a mouse pointer exception bebola above. Users can move the cursor just by musing bebola confusing without moving all of these tools (do not need much space). For example: - Laptop, Notebook, and so on. INPUT Text - keyboard Mouse Diskette TV Card, Scanner (pengimbas) etc.. OUTPUT Device (Device) 1. Monitor - Graphic / text 2. Printer - Graphic / text 3. -Sound speakers Monitor Black / White - Color: Analog / Digital Tiub ray Katod TV, Computer Monitor MONITOR LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Electronic wristwatch, Electronic Games and so on. A. Tiub ray Katod - Used chiefly to the widespread TV. - Voltan the dibekalkan to monitor will be improved so that the thousands of volts to allow electrons from an electron gun dipecutkan to skrin. - The electrons will cause menghentam skrin formed a point. Color at point depends on the electron gun. - To form a picture, the electron gun to shoot the whole skrin. Rate of electron gun spend one-one rotation is called "scan reat" - Color at any point will only be conserved for instant sahaja, by the electron gun should spend a quick whirl and get back to the original starting point before the color disappeared. - With color diversify the points on skrin, one image is produced. · Resolution (resolution) · Pixels (pixels) · Numbers colors (color depth). RESOLUTION (Resolution) Refers to the number of pixels horizontally and are able to establish presented by one-one Skrin / monitor. Regular rosulusi 640 X 480 =? High Rosulusi more "smooth". PIXEL (Picture Element) Is the smallest unit of digital images something Gabungn the pixels to produce images. COLOR NUMBERS (Color Depth) Numbers can color monitor presented by something in a period. Usually in the form of two double For example: - 2 - Black / White 16 to 2 dual 4 256-2 double 8 166-2 ganda16 32 bit - 32 to 2 dual millions. Numbers that can produce color depends on the type of exposure determined (display card) How can something created by a computer colors: -- To produce something colors, three primary color components required specifically red, green and blue (RGB color) or the like. To form a color thing, a combination of three color components at certain stages required for example: - White = Red 255, Green 255, Blue 255 (RGB) Digital - 0.1 Red: 0.1 Green: 0.1 Blue = 8 colors. Analog - Red 256 256 green 256 blue, all three = 2 double 32 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CGA Year 1981 Resolution 640 X 200 Color Numbers 16 Num. color for maxima. 1 period is 4 Herkulis Year 1982 Resolution 720 x 348 Color Numbers EGA Year 1984 Resolution 640 X 480 Color Numbers 64 Num. color for maxima. 1 period is 10 VGA Year 1986 Resolution 640 X 480 Color Numbers 262.144. Num. color for maxima. 1 period is 16.7 million SGVA Year 1988 Resolution 800 X 600 up to 16,000 x 1200 · Multimedia - 8 bits - 256 · Bit 16 - 216 · 24 bits - 2 · 32 bits - For VGA & SVGA B. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Widely used for digital clocks, games and others. Used for computer portble - notebooks, palmtops, laptops. Using materials that may cecair berhablur changing color after changed casnya. Pros: Saiz more lepir and lightweight * TSK requires a certain width for the electron gun works - Nipis - a slim book. Energy savings - does not require a large amount of energy to function. KAD Beep Functions: -- To remove the output in the form of sound / to the input sound. Requires sound than analog form to digital or vice versa. Originally used for "games" * AdLib Music Synthesis Card - Roland MT 32 Sound Module Usually included in the ISA - slot on the motherboard. Type: -- 8 bits 256 (28) type of sound produced only suitable for speech * not suitable for muzik 16-bit - Starting introduced by the protagonist - can produce CD Quality Music. Voice Recognition Software (Perisian Criticism sound / voice) For example: - Dragon Naturally Speaking Voice Pilot IBM. DATA STORAGE TEXT Bit - from 0.1 to 1 bit Byte - 8 bits => 1 byte (0 -255) 256
Mb 1024 X 1024 => 2100
Gb - 1024 X 1024 X 1024> <1000 mb =" 1">
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