AMD

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is a global semiconductor company. The Company primarily offers x86 microprocessors, for the commercial and consumer markets, embedded microprocessors for commercial, commercial client and consumer markets and chipsets for desktop and notebook personal computers (PCs), professional workstations and servers. It also offers graphics, video and multimedia products for desktop and notebook computers, including home media PCs, professional workstations and servers and technology for game consoles. As of December 25, 2010, the Company had two segments: Computing Solutions and Graphics. Computing Solutions segment includes microprocessors, chipsets and embedded processors and related revenue. The Graphics segment includes graphics, video and multimedia products and related revenue, as well as revenue received in connection with the development and sale of game console systems that incorporate its graphics technology.

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) made some advances in its battle against Intel but hasn't capitalized on those gains. AMD ranks #2 in PC and server microprocessors, far behind its archrival. Though Intel commands the world processor market, AMD has at times eroded that market share thanks to the popularity of its Athlon and Opteron processor families. The company also makes embedded processors and other chips for communications, graphics, storage, networking, and other applications. Hewlett-Packard is its largest customer. AMD gets a majority of its sales from international customers; those in China account for nearly half of the company's sales.

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Arithmetic Logic Unit

(Arithmetic Logic Unit) The high-speed CPU circuit that does calculating and comparing. Numbers are transferred from memory into the ALU for calculation, and the results are sent back into memory. Alphanumeric data are sent from memory into the ALU for comparing. The results are tested by GOTOs; for example, IF ITEMA EQUALS ITEMB GOTO UPDATE ROUTINE.

Some chips have multiple ALUs that allow for simultaneous calculations. For example, Chromatic Research's Mpact media processor chip had 450 of them. It allowed audio, video and other multimedia processes to be performed simultaneously. See Mpact chip.

The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logic operations. Logic operations test various conditions encountered during processing and allow for different actions to be taken based on the results. The data required to perform the arithmetic and logical functions are inputs from the
designated CPU registers and operands.

The ALU relies on basic items to perform its operations. These include number systems, data routing circuits (adders/subtracters), timing, instructions, operands, and registers. Figure 1-2 shows a representative block diagram of an ALU of a microcomputer. PRIMARY STORAGE (MAIN MEMORY) The primary storage section (also called internal storage, main storage, main memory, or just memory) serves four purposes:
* To hold data transferred from an I/O device to the input storage area, where it remains until the computer is ready to process it. This is indicated by the solid arrow on figure 1-1.
* To hold both the data being processed and the intermediate results of the arithmetic-logic operations. This is a working storage area within the storage section. It is sometimes referred to as a scratch pad memory.
* To hold the processing results in an output storage area for transfer to an I/O device.

ALU is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.

Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945, when he wrote a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC. Research into ALUs remains an important part of computer science, falling under Arithmetic and logic structures in the ACM Computing Classification System.

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AGP

Short for Accelerated Graphics Port, AGP is an advanced port designed for Video cards and 3D accelerators. Designed by Intel and introduced in August of 1997 AGP introduces a dedicated point-to-point channel so that the graphics controller can directly access the system memory. Below is an illustration of what the AGP slot may look like on your motherboard.

The AGP channel is 32-bits wide and runs at 66 MHz. This translates into a total bandwidth of 266 MBps, which is much greater than the PCI bandwidth of up to 133 MBps. AGP also supports two optional faster modes, with throughput of 533 MBps and 1.07 GBps. It also allows 3-D textures to be stored in main memory rather than video memory.

Each computer with AGP support will either have one AGP slot or on-board AGP video. If you needed more than one video card in the computer, you can have one AGP video card and one PCI video card or use a motherboard that supports SLI.

AGP [Accelerated Graphics Port] is a Point-to-Point [Chip-to-Chip] bus using 1.5 Volt or 3.3V signaling. The main use of the AGP bus is as a Local Video bus in IBM compatible Personal Computers [PCs]. The AGP interface bus is based on the PCI [Peripheral Component Interface] spec, using the PCI specification as an operational baseline. The AGP specification adds 20 additional signals not included in the PCI bus. The AGP specification defines the Protocol, Electrical and Mechanical aspects of the bus. Refer to this page for a comparison of Video bus through-put for different expansion buses.

The Mechanical definitions include a connector and AGP Board [Add-in card]. The Card sizes and 1.5v and 3.3v connectors are also defined within the spec. There are five connectors defined: AGP 3.3v, AGP 1.5v, AGP Universal, AGP Pro Universal, AGP Pro 3.3v, and AGP Pro 1.5v. PCI and AGP boards are not mechanically interchangeable.

The AGP 1.0 specification defined 1x and 2x speeds with the 3.3v keyed connector.
The AGP 2.0 specification defined 1x, 2x and 4x speeds with the 3.3v, or 1.5v keyed connector or a 'Universal' connector which supported both card types.
The AGP Pro specification defined 1x, 2x and 4x speeds with the 3.3v, or 1.5v keyed connector or a 'Universal' connector which supported both card types.
The AGP 3.0 specification defined 1x, 2x, 4x and 8x speeds with the 1.5v keyed connector or a 1.5v AGP Universal / Pro connector.
Each up-grade is a supper-set of the 1x mode, so 4x will also support the 1x speed. The base clock rate is 66MHz, but to achieve to 2x, 4x, and 8x speeds the clock is doubled each time. AGP uses both edges of the clock to transfer data.

AGP (1x): 66MHz clock, 8 bytes/clock, Bandwidth: 266MB/s [3.3V or 1.5V signal swing]
AGP 2x: 133MHz clock, 8 bytes/clock, Bandwidth: 533MB/s [3.3V or 1.5V signal swing]
AGP 4x: 266MHz clock, 16 bytes/clock, Bandwidth: 1066MB/s [1.5V signal swing]
AGP 8x: 533MHz clock, 32 bytes/clock, Bandwidth: 2.1GB/s [0.8V signal swing], still uses 1.5 volt motherboard power

The AGP data bus may be 8, 16, 24, 32, or 64 bits. Due to timing requirements the maximum bus length is 9". The trace impedance is specified as 65 ohms +/- 15 ohms (no termination resistor is specified). For the 8x speed the bus requires a parallel termination or 50 ohms. Some lines may require a Pull-Up Resistor to insure the lines come out of reset in the proper state. The AGP Interface is optimized for FR4 PCB designs. Both 4 layer and 6 layer PCBs have been studied.

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ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of Digital Subscriber Line technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter, or DSL filter, allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. ADSL can generally only be distributed over short distances from the central office, typically less than 4 kilometres (2 mi), but has been known to exceed 8 kilometres (5 mi) if the originally laid wire gauge allows for further distribution.

ADSL connection provides users with high-speed broadband to surf the web with blazing speed, but several factors you may be unaware of might affect the latter. This is why, from time to time, you should perform a speed test for measuring you ADSL connection performance and see if it’s working properly. Another matter of importance to take into account as regards ADSL connections is that ISP (internet service providers) hardly ever delivers the speed they promised. Therefore, we provide a speed test that will allow you to measure the speed of your internet connection, thus making make sure your ISP is not cheating your speed. These tests are becoming more and more used since internet subscribers nowadays do not fully trust their ISP. Some of them cheat user’s speed and you can now prove it too by using our speed test.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In telecommunications marketing, the term Digital Subscriber Line is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed technical variety of DSL. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with regular telephone on the same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses a higher frequency. These frequency bands are subsequently separated by filtering.

The data throughput of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 Kb/s to 40 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, (i.e. in the direction to the service provider) is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service. In Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) service, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal.

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re-format a computer or notebook

Installation or re-format a computer or notebook is an easy thing to do and can be done by anyone not necessarily by an IT expert, you can see in stores selling computers they are very adept at installing a computer or notebook, but sometimes the original install and the origin of the road.
For those of you intending to learn to install a computer or a notebook it's good attention to the following steps:

1. partition Hard Drive

Make a minimum partition your disk into two partitions, in accordance with the existing hard drive capacity. The goal is eventually to separate the file system with data files, such as system files you install on the C drive and your data files stored on drive D. The advantage of partitioning is that if you are having problems with the file system it says C drive crashes and you have to format requires repeated the data stored on drive C will be lost, but if you store data files on the other place then your files will be safe unless entire hard drive is damaged.

2. Install Software in accordance with needs.

After you finish installing the operating system is definitely the next step you will install other software, but you should choose the software to suit your needs, because if you install software that is not needed then it will reduce the performance of your computer's performance because the software usually executed by the system even if not used.

3. Consider computer security

Securing your computer so you'll need and you have to do to keep your computer from the hands of ignorant, especially if your computer is connected to the internat. For how to secure your computer, you can read the article titled 10 tips for securing your computer after install or reformat with the Windows operating system manggunakan

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Computer science

Computer science has emerged since the era of the 1940s, along with chime in theory of algorithms and mathematical logic, as well as the invention of electronic computers with storage capacity of the program. Was Alan Turing and Kurt Godel, who in the 1930s, successfully combining algorithms, logic, and mathematical calculations and realize them in a tool or a rule system. The principle of the algorithm used is from Ada Lovelace, who developed 60 years earlier.

The inventor of the algorithm itself is recorded in the early history is of a man named Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa al Khwarizmi. Al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician from Uzbekistan who lives in the years 770-840 BC. In western literature it is more known as Algorizm. The word itself comes from the algorithm it's called. While the analog computer invented by Vannevar Bush in 1920, and followed by an electronic computer developed by Howard Aiken and Konrad Zuse in 1930.

Then John Von Neumann demonstrated a phenomenal work in 1945, is a computer architecture known as "von Neumann machine", where programs are stored in memory. Computer architecture is then used by modern computers until now.

Year 1960 is the start of a new round of formalization of Computer Science. Department of Computer Science at the universities began to bloom built. This new discipline then known as Computer Science (Computer Science), Computer Engineering (Computer Engineering), computing (Computing), or Information Technology (Informatics).
Definition

Along with the development of Computer Science, today many investigators are trying to study and perform the definition of Computer Science. However, basic Computer Science is mathematical and engineering (engineering). Mathematical analysis methods of donating, and donating engineering design methods in this field.

Inside are teoritika, experiments, and designing components, and including matters relating to:

1. Theories to understand the computer devices, programs, and systems
2. Experiments for the development and testing concepts
3. Design methodologies, algorithms, and tools to make it happen
4. Analytical methods for proving that the realization is in conformity with the requirements demanded


Some other, more abstract definitions are: Computer Science is the study of representations knowledge(knowledge representation) and its implementation.
or definition
Computer Science is the study of abstraction and how to control complexity.


Denning defines Computer Science is quite famous in his paper about the discipline of computer science. This paper is the final report of the project and task force on the Core of Computer Science which was formed by the two largest scientific society in the field of computers, Computer Science is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that explain and transform information: whether it relates to theories, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, or applications available to him. Fundamental questions related to Computer Science is, "What can be automated efficiently".


We can conclude from the equation using the terminology and the nature of meaning in the definition used by the researchers above, that Computer Science is the knowledge contained on the theory, methodology, design and implementation, dealing with computing, computers, and the algorithm in the perspective of software (software ) and hardware (hardware).

Perception Wrong About Computer Science

Some misguided perceptions about the Computer Science can we summarizes as below:
Computer Science is the study of computers. Computer science is not science is just learning about computers, as well as astronomy is about telescopes is not science, or biological sciences is also not only learn about the science of microscopy. Computers, telescopes and microscopes are tools of science, not science itself.
Computer Science is the study of how to write computer programs.
Computer Science is the study about the use of computer applications

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RAID stands

RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks refers to a technology in computer data storage used to implement fault tolerance features on computer storage media (primarily hard disks) by using redundancy (buildup) of data, either by using software , as well as a separate unit of hardware RAID. The word "RAID" also has some acronym for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, Redundant Array of Independent Drives, and Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives. These technologies share or replicate data into a separate hard disk. RAID is designed to improve the reliability of data and / or improve the performance of I / O from the hard disk.

Since first introduced, the RAID is divided into several schemes, called the "RAID Level". Initially, there were five RAID levels that was first drafted, but over time, the levels have evolved, namely by combining several different levels and also implement some level of proprietary which is not a standard RAID.

RAID combines multiple physical hard disks into a logical unit of storage, using software or special hardware. Hardware solutions are generally designed to support the use of multiple hard disks simultaneously, and the operating system does not need to know how to work these RAID schemes. Meanwhile, software solutions are generally implemented within the operating system level, and of course make some hard drives into a logical entity that is used for storage.

Raid Levels

1.RAID O.
Meaning: The whole hard drive that is owned will serve as data storage. in other words we save the data into the disk will be in stripping the whole hard disk is a member of the RAID 0.
Example: 4 berkapasistas SCSI Hard Drive 72GB per disk configured with RAID 0, the total hard drive that can be used as data storage is the total (4 x 72 GB)
Pros: With RAID 0, capacity of hard disk for data storage is owned by the total of the entire hard drive you have, without any reduction
Disadvantages: If one drive fails in RAID 0, then the data will be lost without replacement.

2.RAID 1
Meaning: Hard drive in RAID 1 can be interpreted as mirroring, because half of the amount of hard drive is positioned as a RAID 1 is used as a mirror. In other words that only half of the overall hard drive capacity which can be used as data storage, half of them only serves as a mirror
Example: 4 SCSI hard drive capacity of 72GB configured with RAID 1, then only 2 hard drive (2 x 72 GB) which can be used as data storage, and 2 hard drive again (2 x 72GB) again used as a Mirror of the data.
Pros: If one hard drive that serves as a data storage fails / problem, then the mirror disk will automatically replace the hard drive fails its function until these are replaced by new ones, without any decrease in performance of the entire hard drive.
Disadvantages: Expensive RAID 1 can be said, because only half of the amount of hard drive that can be owned by data storage.

3.RAID 1 +0
Meaning: hard drives configured in RAID 1 +0 can be said in striping and on the mirror, in other words the data that we store in the hard disk will be stripping all the members of a RAID 1 +0 and also half of the existing hard drive will be on the mirror .
Example: 4 SCSI hard drive capacity of 72GB configured with RAID 1 +0 then the capacity can be used for data storage is 2 x 72 GB and the data stored will be stripping or distributed between two disk itself. berdungsi remaining 2 hard drive again as a mirror.
Pros: can be said to be similar to RAID 1 only read and write performance of hard drives increase compared to RAID 1
Disadvantages: EXPENSIVE as well as RAID 1

4.RAID 5
Meaning: In a RAID 5 hard drive there is a minimal restriction is used, ie 4 hard drives, why? because the existing distribution system is a RAID 5 and parity data.
Example: 4-capacity 72GB hard drive will be configured with RAID 5, then 3 x 72 GB will serve as data storage and 1 x 72 GB to parity.
Pros: If one of the hard disk fails, the function of the hard drive is still functioning.
Disadvantages: performance will decrease if the hard drive fails.

5.RAID 6
Meaning: In a RAID 6 also no restrictions on minimum level of 5 hard disk drive. 3 of them will be made in the data and 2 again as parity.
Example: 5-capacity 72GB hard drive will be configured as RAID 6, then 3 x 72 GB will serve as data storage and 2 x 72GB to parity.
Pros: in a RAID 6 maximum hard drive fails in the same time is 2 hard drive. so if two hard drives in RAID 6 fails, the function of the hard drive is still running.
Disadvantages: performance will decline if there is a hard drive fails.

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How Outlook helps to protect your computer from viruses
Posted on February 15, 2010 by Henry Dahlan
What is a virus?

Computer viruses attack the software of a computer, not the hardware. The basic definition of a virus is a program That copies Itself. Most common viruses are small programs That need to use a legitimate program or file in order to run. Most viruses today are written with malicious intent; as a result, They can cause damage to programs or data. Because the virus code must be run to have any effect, the computer files That Treats the data as pure, Such as. Txt files, are safe. For example, reading a plain-text e-mail message will not infect your computer with a virus.

In order to run, the virus code has to be written in an executable form, Such as an. Exe program file. HTML-format and RTF-formatted e-mail messages or Web Pages that contain Microsoft ActiveX ® controls or scripts, Such as Microsoft Visual Basic ® Scripting Edition (VBScript), Microsoft JScript ®, or other types of embedded program code, can harbor the virus That Pls run programs you open a message or view a Web page. Opening e-mail attachments can also infect your computer with viruses. Some malicious files can be constructed to take advantage of known vulnerabilities in the software in order to run destructive code. Microsoft Recommends That you protect your computer by applying all updates and patches for the software on your computer.

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working principle monitor

The working principle of conventional monitors, CRT monitors (Cathode Ray Tube), together with the working principle of CRT-based televisions. Electrons are fired from the back of the picture tube toward the inside of the tube is coated element made of parts that have the ability to fluoresces. Electron beam passes through a series of strong magnets that bend-beam steered toward certain parts of the inner tube.

Once the beam is up to the glass tube TV or monitor, he would irradiate fluorescent coating, causing some places to glow temporarily.

Each pixel represents a certain specific place. By controlling the voltage of the beams, creating technology that can set the pixels to glow with a certain light intensity. From the pixels, the image can be formed.

In theory, to form an image, the beam was sweeping a horizontal line from left to right, causing the pixels had glowed with the light intensity according to a preset voltage. The process occurs in all the horizontal lines of pixels on the screen, and when it has to end, the ray will be dead while to repeat the same process to produce different images. So Bella can watch the object as if engaged in neither the television screen monitors.

During the early days of television, the scientists who designed the picture tube televisions and technical obstacles. As Belia know, old-fashioned TV is not yet as cool and sophisticated now, eh means not capable of displaying detailed images as it is now.

First, the fluorescent layer in the tube picture quality is not as good as now. So the quality of the resulting pixel is also not optimal as now. Now, along with the development of computer technology in need of quality tube TVs and monitors are better, fortunately the quality of phosphorescent coating inside the tube monitors have been better.

The results obtained picture tube capable of producing images with higher resolution. Fair wrote, because many computer dealing with a text, and it requires high image detail.

Unfortunately, the technology with tube CRT monitors are assumed to have many adverse effects to health users. Some research indicates that excessive exposure to monitor the eye can lead to decreased quality of vision. This is caused by electron beam radiation on the picture tube monitor or a television tube.

But people find new technologies that are ready to replace picture tubes as a means of visual display. That technology LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), which allows downsizing the dimensions and weight trimming device display monitor. In addition, one technology that is touted health familiar to users.

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Computer operating systems

Computer operating systems are computer software or software that is tasked to perform control and management of hardware and basic system operations, including run software applications such as data processing programs that can be used to facilitate human activity. Operating System in English is called the Operating System, or commonly abbreviated with the OS.

Operating system software on your computer is a first layer that is placed on computer memory, (computer memory in this case there are hard drive, not the ram memory) when the computer starts up. While other software is run after the computer running the Operating System and Operating System will perform the core public service for softwares that. Common core services such as access to the disk, memory management, task scheduling, and user interface. So that each of the software no longer need to perform the core duties of the public, because it can be served and performed by the Operating System. Section of code that perform core tasks and the general is called with an Operating System kernel.

Operating System serves as a liaison between the hardware layer and software layer. in addition, the computer Operating System do all the commands are also important in the computer, and ensure that different applications can run smoothly functions simultaneously without a hitch. Computer Operating System to ensure other software applications can use the memory, perform input and output to other equipment, and have access to the file system. If several applications running concurrently, then the Computer Operating System would set a proper schedule, so that as much as possible all the processes running on computers that have enough time to use the CPU and not mutually interfere with other devices.

Examples of such computer operating system is Windows, Linux, MacOS, etc.

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